Indian Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research

Print ISSN: 2394-2746

Online ISSN: 2394-2754

CODEN : IJOGCS

Indian Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (IJOGR) open access, peer-reviewed quarterly journal publishing since 2014 and is published under auspices of the Innovative Education and Scientific Research Foundation (IESRF), aim to uplift researchers, scholars, academicians, and professionals in all academic and scientific disciplines. IESRF is dedicated to the transfer of technology and research by publishing scientific journals, research content, providing professional’s membership, and conducting conferences, seminars, and award more...

  • Article highlights
  • Article tables
  • Article images

Article statistics

Viewed: 203

PDF Downloaded: 39


Get Permission Sinha, Padhi, Agrawal, and Sahu: Chromosomal aneuploidies: A tertiary care center study


Introduction

Incidence of numerical and structural chromosomal disorders among live birth is 0.5% and single gene disorder, multiple gene disorders are 1% each. These abnormalities are higher in stillbirths. Most of the chromosomal disorders are Down syndrome, Patau syndrome, Edward syndrome and sex chromosome disorders. Among these most of the cases seen by physician are Down syndrome (DS). Occurrence of Down syndrome is high among the intellectually disabled children worldwide.1 Early identification of DS is necessary to reduce the congenital disability.

Congenital aneuploidies are due to nondisjunction of chromosome. There are three rules of nondisjunction, first; most trisomy originate during oogenesis regardless of specific chromosome, second: for most chromosome, maternal meiosis I (MI) errors are more common than Maternal meiosis II (MII) errors, third; proportion of cases of maternal origin increases with maternal age.2

Trisomy 18 and trisomy 13 have higher (80%) in utero mortality while DS has 30%.3, 4 DS foetuses are identified by markers such as double marker and triple maker and also by ultrasonography. Fifty percent of them are missed by prenatal ultrasound as they do not show any structural defects.4

Normally an individual has 46 chromosomes. Down syndrome is chromosomal disorder in which an extra copy of chromosome i.e. in chromosome number 21 (Trisomy) is present which results in many physical abnormalities such as small ears, single simian crease, upward slanting eyes, opened mouth, flat facial feature, cardiac defects, hypotonia, mental retardation. Hence all these factors show that DS have both mental & physical challenges. Major associated abnormalities are CHD (40%), atresia of duodenum (12%), Cataract nystagmus, squint, hearing defects, serous otitis media, hypothyroidism (13-15%), atlanto-occipital subluxation, delayed physical growth, malignancies like acute lymphoblastic leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia transient, lymph proliferation syndrome and myelodysplasia in Indian population.

Worldwide studies suggested that hearing loss (75%), sleep disorder and ear infection (50%-75%), eye diseases (60%), psychiatric disorders (22%), heart diseases (50%) are the major abnormalities.5, 6, 7

In India the birth prevalence of Down syndrome varies from 1/1230-1/1361.8, 9

Down syndrome has three types-

  1. Trisomy-21- which is most common type of Down syndrome. Around 95% individual has trisomy-21 has 3 different copies of chromosome 21 instead of the usual 2 copies.

  2. Translocation can see in only 3% of individual. It occurs when an extra part or a complete extra chromosome 21 is present, but it attached or “trans-located” to a different chromosome rather than being individual chromosome.

  3. Mosaic is very rare about 2% of the people with mosaic mean mixture or combination. Individual with mosaic Down syndrome some cells have 3 copies of chromosome 21, but other cells have the typical 2 copy of chromosome 21. Individual may have same feature as other individual with Down syndrome.

Screening tool commonly used in India are triple test, quadruple markers and first trimester double-marker test with or without nuchal translucency (NT).10 The risk factor for DS is mainly associated to women reproductive health like fertility regulation, abortion, maternal mortality, sexual transmitted disease and infertility. Risk of aneuploidies increases with increase numbers of abortions.11 But other studies suggesting increased number of spontaneous abortions reduce the risk of chromosomal disjunction.12, 13 In India, it is necessary to determine the prevalence of DS among the entire population. This is the prerequisite for robust management of either screening to decrease the prevalence or counseling or rehabilitation, medical care, education and welfare services. We conducted the study to robust profile and frequency of DS cases at tertiary care center in Chhattisgarh.

Aim of our study was to conduct to detect the frequency of chromosomal abnormalities in the newborn in one year duration at a tertiary care centre.

The secondary objective was to detect the frequency of clinical signs and symptoms in these cases and correlate their occurrence with maternal age.

Materials and Methods

Data of live-births in AIIMS Raipur in a year (April 2023-March2024), was collected. Data and samples of clinically suspected cases of aneuploidies were collected from NICU (Neonatal intensive care Unit), Department of Pediatric and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and were referred to cytogenetic lab, Department of Anatomy in medical college AIIMS Raipur for karyotyping (chromosomal analysis). Consent of their parents were taken for the test. Basic clinical profile and pedigree were taken. Two milliliters blood was withdrawal in heparinized vial by lab technician with taking appropriate measures.

Inclusion criteria

  1. Patients were included on the basis of their clinical features & confirmed karyotyping reports.

  2. Those who had given consent.

Exclusion criteria

  1. Patients were excluded who has clinical features of Aneuploidy but their karyotyping reports were normal.

Culture preparation was done under sterile condition in laminar flow cabinet. In culture media, 0.5ml blood sample was mixed in for culture and allowed it to grow for 69-70 hours in 5% CO2 incubator. Harvesting was done by adding colchicine 80µl (1mg/ml) to culture cells and mix thoroughly and placed it in 37℃ for 30 minutes in incubator. After 30 minutes culture tube was centrifuged (10mins at 1500 RPM). Supernatant was discarded and Potassium chloride (KCL) was added as a hypotonic solution and again incubated for 20-25 minutes at 37℃, after that centrifuged for 10 minutes at 1500RPM. At last Fixative (Glacial acetic acid: Methanol in 1:3ratio) was added, left it for overnight in refrigerator (4-8℃). Next day, tube was washed with fixative 3 times, till the pellet became clear.

Two slides prepared for each sample, slides were aged for 3-5 days at room temperature. After proper drying and an ageing, G-banding was done using trypsin, slides were treated for 2-3 seconds and then two times simultaneously washed with PBS buffer and stained with Giemsa. Slide was ready to observe under microscope in which metaphase chromosome was analysed.

Results

The total number of livebirths in last year (April 2023-March2024) at AIIMS Raipur, tertiary care center was 2563.

Fourteen suspected aneuploidy cases on the basis of phenotypic appearance and clinical examination by professionals were advised for karyotyping test. After karyotyping report it was seen that 12 cases were confirmed for DS which were further evaluated for associated cardiac anomaly by Echocardiography. Ultrasonography of brain, abdomen, pelvis and spine was performed for any other abnormalities. Other investigations were also advised such as thyroid profile to look for hypothyroidism.

Average maternal age at birth of child was 26.66 year and average paternal age at birth of the child was 30.66 year (Table 1). Trisomy 21 was the predominant type of DS seen in 100% of cases. Common symptoms were depressed nasal bridge, small nose, Low-set-ear, increased gap between 1st and 2nd toes (81.81%). Cardiac anomalies were found 27% and hypothyroidism were reported18% (Table 2, Figure 1).

Figure 1

Showing A): Slanting eyes. B): Protruted tongue & Mangloid face; C):. Low set ear; D):. Depressed nasal bridge & short neck; E): Single simian crease; F): Sandal gap

https://typeset-prod-media-server.s3.amazonaws.com/article_uploads/02bf8efd-9492-4073-9425-c5f90f66fc19/image/7a7d35e1-8466-4f68-a5c7-3cafc79863cb-uimage.png

Figure 2

A): Karyotype A Trisomy+21 male child. B): Trisomy+21 female child

https://typeset-prod-media-server.s3.amazonaws.com/article_uploads/02bf8efd-9492-4073-9425-c5f90f66fc19/image/813483e6-de3a-4e91-aeea-d8362afda452-uimage.png

Discussion

Commonest chromosomal anomalies worldwide is Down syndrome. In Chhattisgarh state we do not have data regarding DS in live birth. Our study was in tertiary care center. We have found aneuploidies 4.68/1000 live births. India study reported prevalence rate of aneuploidies 0.081-1.2/1000 live births.8, 14, 15, 16 Our finding prevalence rate was slightly higher than the US prevalence rate for DS 1.43/1000 person.17 It could be due to our study was conducted in tertiary care center which caters to high risk pregnancies referred from all over the state including other medical colleges. During one year of study period, fifteen clinically suspected patients were investigated and twelve were confirmed for DS. These patients were evaluated carefully for associated anomalies. Out of them few cases of DS are discussed here.

In our study, 66.6% of children were on the 1st birth order, 16.6% were 2nd birth order, 8.33% were 3rd birth order, and 8.33% were 4th birth order (Table 1). One study on DS showed 75% children on the 1st birth order, this finding is close to our study.17 Average maternal age in studies by Panigrahi et al,18 Lakhan and Kishor,17 was found to be 29 years, 21year respectively. For mother of children with DS, in our study average maternal age for DS was found to be 26.6 years which is closer to other studies of India. Sheth et al found that 91.6% cases of DS were from younger mother (< 35 years).19

Clinical symptoms have been discussed in Table 2. Complications like congenital heart disease were found in 33.33%. These were cases with ASD, VSD, PDA, ASD+VSD (complex). Panigrahi et al18 found 62% of cases with cardiac defects. In current study, hypothyroidism was found in 16.66% while Panigrahi et al study it was 30.28% which was higher than our findings.18 Intestinal blockage was found 16.66% in current study which were duodenal atresia and recto-vestibular fistula. Surgeries performed for that were KIMURA Dudenoduodenostomy & Posterior Sagittal Anorectoplasty (PSARP).

Table 1

Profile of children with down syndrome and their parents’ age

Case No.

Age

Gender

Birth Order

Mothers Age at Birth

Fathers Age at Birth

1

4M

Female

First

29Yr

31Yr

2

3M

Female

First

25Yr

31Yr

3

4.5M

Male

First

28Yr

29Yr

4

9 Days

Male

First

19Yr

21Yr

5

1Days

Female

First

31Yr

37Yr

6

8 Days

Female

First

21Yr

23Yr

7

3days

Female

First

36Yr

40Yr

8

1M

Female

First

21Yr

25Yr

9

2Days

Male

Second

28Yr

31Yr

10

2Days

Male

Second

32Yr

33Yr

11

1M

Male

Third

23Yr

33Yr

12

6M

Female

Fourth

27Yr

34Yr

Female-7

1st-8

Average-26.66 Years

Average-30.66 Years

Male-5

2nd-2

3rd-1

4th-1

Table 2

Clinical symptoms and associated complication of cases of chromosomal aneuploidy

Symptoms

Present (n=12)

Percentage

Flat occiput

9

81.81%

Small nose

10

83.33%

Low-set-ear

10

83.33%

Flattened facial features

9

81.81%

Depressed nasal bridge

10

83.33%

Open mouth

9

81.81%

Protruding tongue

5

41.66%

Broad hand, short fingers

9

81.81%

Increased gap between 1st and 2nd toes

10

83.33%

Hypotonia

2

16.66%

Intestinal blockage

2

16.66%

Congenital heart disease

4

33.33%

Hypothyroidism

2

16.66%

Table 3

Few cases of Down syndrome

Case

History & clinical Examination

Routine investigation & procedure done

Confirmed Karyotype

Case 1

A 20 days old female born at late preterm was admitted with complains of rhinorrhea for 6-7 days with rapid breathing, chest indrawing on examination. Birth weight was 1.9kg, length was 43 cm. head circumference was 29cm. Neonate cried immediately after birth and on clinical examination had flat facies, wide open anterior fontanelle, slanting eyes, saddle toes, protruded tongue, simian crease, hypotonia.

Blood urea/creatinine-9.1/1mg/dL. LFT- showed increased bilirubin.

Down syndrome 47, XX,+21

Case 2

A one day old male born at full term was admitted with complainsof respiratory distressin the form of tachypnoea, syndromic facies and hypotonia. Subcostal retractions with downes score of 3/10 was observed. His birth weight was 3.3 kg, head circumference was 36.5cm, and length was 50cm. He Cried immediately after birth and on clinical examination had flat facies, wide open slanting eyes, saddle toes, low set ears, protruded tongue, depressed nasal bridge, single simian crease, generalised hypotonia and palmargrasp was weak.

2D echo was done which suggests of PDA 3mm. LFT- Showed increased bilirubin.

Abnormal male karyotype, consistent with down syndrome 47, XY+21 (Figure 2 A).

Case-3

An one day old female born at late preterm was admitted with complains of multiple non-bilious vomiting which was further diagnosed as duodenal atresia. Her birth weight was 1.9 kg, head circumference was 28.5cm, length was 43cm. Neonate cried immediately after birth. Baby had low set ears, Rucker bottom feet, slanting eyes, saddle toes, protruded tongue on clinical examination.

Procedure: KIMURA Dudenoduodenostomy was done under GA under AAP supine position. Routine investigation LFT test AST-50 U/L (12-38) Potassium 7.89↑ (3.5-5mmol/L)

Karyotyping confirmed-Down syndrome 47, XX,+21

Case 4:

One day old male born as late preterm was admitted with complains of respiratory distress with episodes of desaturation. His birth weight was 2.6 kg, head circumference was 33cm, length was 49cm.Baby cried immediately after birth.Baby had tachypnea and intermittent desaturation eisodes. At admission, neonate was provided oxygen by nasal prongs with 30% Fi O2 and 2l/min of flow. Baby had po­­lychythemia. Facial dysmorphism showed flat facies, low set ears, epiateral folds, mongoloid telecanths, excess skin in the nape of neck, sandal gap, single simian crease.

Routine investigation- HB value 23.3, HCT-70.6, So partial exchange was done at day 6 of life with total 40 ml volume. During and after exchange transfusion vitals was stable. Post transfusion HCT was 54.8. ECHO finding- of 3.4mmASD (aneurysmal ASD).

Karyotyping confirmed-Down syndrome 47, XY,+21 (Figure 2 A).

Case 5:

One day old female born at term was admitted in NICU with complains of Down phenotype. Weight of the baby was 1.8kg, length was 40cm and Head circumference was 30.5cm. Baby had dysmorphic features suggestive of Down's phenotype like depressed nasal bridge, mongoloid slant. Neonate was shifted in NICU for workup of Down phenotype. Baby had Mongolian slant, prominent epicanthal fold.

Prenatal testing, anomaly scan showed echogenic foci in left ventricle and later on ECHO was done which suggested 2mm membranous VSD, restrictive in nature.

Karyotyping confirmed-Down syndrome 47, XX,+21 (Figure 2 B).

Case 6:

Six months old female early term was admitted in pediatric ward with complains loose motion, Weight of the baby was 2kgwith Down’s phenotype like Small and low set ears, epicanthal fold, depressed nasal bridge, protruded tongue.

complex heart disease (ASD+VSD) in echo

Karyotyping confirmed-Down syndrome 47, XX,+21 (Figure 2 B).

Case 7:

A three months old female was admitted in ward with the complains of anorectal malformation in the form of passing of stools and urine from same opening. Weight of the baby was 3.36 kg with Down’s phenotype like Small and low set ears, epicanthal fold, depressed nasal bridge, protruded tongue.

ECHO finding-Normal USG Finding-Normal

Karyotyping confirmed-Down syndrome 47, XX,+21

Case 8:

A four months old male came with complains of cough and cold for 3 days. Weight of the baby was 4kg, HC- 33cm, Ht-54. Baby had phenotype of DS like Mongoloid slats of eyes, low set ear, brachycephaly, simian crease and wide spaced gap in toes.

ECHO finding-Normal USG Finding-Normal

Karyotyping confirmed-Down syndrome 47, XY,+21

Case 9:

A one year old male was admitted with complain of loose motion. Weight of the baby was 4kg, HC- 33cm, Ht-54.Baby had delayed cry after birth.Presented to paediatric OPD with failure to gain weight and developmental delay for which he got admitted in ward. He had phenotypic features of DS.

Karyotyping confirmed-Down syndrome 47, XY,+21

Case 10:

A 9 months male at birth did not cry and had presented with complains of delayed developmental milestone, syndromic facies like up slanting of eyes, short neck, single simian creases. He had congenital hypothyroidism for which tab Thyroixine (25microgam) was advised.

USG thyroid- few enlarge lymphnodes are noted bilaterally, largest measuring 15x15mm seen in left upper jugular.

Karyotyping confirmed-Down syndrome 47, XY,+21

Case 11:

A 1 year female was reported with complain of delayed milestone, short stature, umbilical hernia and congenital primary hypothyroidism. Baby had phenotype of DS like, low set ear, brachycephaly, depressed nasal bridge.

Karyotyping confirmed-Down syndrome 47, XX,+21

Case 12:

A 1 years female child was admitted in ward with the complain of viral pneumonia with mass present at nape of neck. Syndromic baby- depressed nasal bridge, low set ears, protruding tongue and short neck.

Karyotyping confirmed-Down syndrome 47, XX,+21

Table 4

Variation in pattern of chromosomes in Down syndrome

Auther’s name

Jyothy et al. 2000

Sheth et al. 2007

Podder et al. 2012

Gadhia et al. 2015

Sharath et al. 2018

Panigrahi et al. 2023

Present study 2024

Place of study

Andhra Pradesh

Gujarat

West Bengal

Gujarat and Western India

Karnataka

Chandigarh

Chhattisgarh

Variations reported

Study population-1001 Trisomy-87.52%

Mosaicism-7.69%

Translocation-4.39%

Study population-382

Trisomy-84.8%

Mosaicism-5.7%

Translocation-9.6%

Case Control study Males-55(65%) & Females-30 (35%).

Free Trisomy 21-91.8%,

Mosaicism- 5.9%,

Translocation-2.4%.

Study population-682

Free trisomy -92.2%,

RS Translocation-7.0%

Mosaicism-0.73%.

Study population-72

Trisomy-78.7%

Translocation-14.7%

Mosaicism-2.6%

Normal Karyotype-4%

Retrospective study

134 DS Males

74 DS Females

Trisomy-97.6%

Mosaicism + Translocation-2.4%

Free trisomy 100%

The study of Jyothy et al found in Andhra Pradesh, 87.92% trisomy, 7.69% mosaicism and 4.39% translocations (Table 3). This is due meiotic non-disjunction of extra chromosome 21 in maternal 79.24% and 20.76% of paternal. Study in Gujarat, Sheth et al found in 382 clinically suspected cases of DS, 84.8% trisomy, 5.7% mosaicism and 9.6% translocations. Another study was conducted in west Bengal by Poddar et al, in 55 male and 30 females. He observed free trisomy 91.8%, mosaicism 5.9% and translocations 2.4%. Gadhia et al observed among 682 confirmed cases, 92.2% free trisomy, 0.73% mosaicism and 7.0% translocations. In Karnataka, study conducted by Sharath et al in 72 clinically suspected cases of DS, 78.7% trisomy, 2.6% mosaicism and 14.7% translocations and four cases with normal karyotype. Panigrahi et al found in Chandigarh, 97.6% trisomy, mosaicism+translocations 2.4%. In our study, in 12 DS cases we found 100% free trisomy (Table 3). We did not find any mosaicism and translocation.

Our aim is to provide medical and social care to these patients as well as to prevent the occurrence of aneuploidies. Very good counseling, vigilance in the developmental process of these disorders, better nutritional support, are required to provide best care. In this study we found the cases were born to the mother in younger age, for early diagnosis. Clinician should counsel the younger pregnant women for such aneuploidies. According to the MTP rule, for special cases termination of pregnancy will be possible up to 24 weeks after taking opinion from two resisted medical practitioner. The counseling for termination of pregnancy is offered but non-directive.

Source of Funding

This research was funded by AIIMS, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, under grant no. 22/41/2019/AIIMS/admin/1742.

Conflict of Interest

None.

References

1 

D Patterson AC Costa Down syndrome and genetics - A case of linked historiesNat Rev Genet2005613747

2 

T Hassold H Hall P Hunt the origin of human aneuploidy: where we have been, where we are goingHum Mol Genet20071615

3 

RJ Snijders K Sundberg W Holzgreve G Henry KH Nicolaides Maternal age- and gestation-specific risk for trisomy 21Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol199913316770

4 

K Manikandan S Seshadri DS Screening in India: Are we there yet?J Obstet Gynaecol India2017673939

5 

MJ Bull Health supervision for children with Down syndromePediatrics20111282393406

6 

NJ Roizen Down syndrome and associated medical disordersMent Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev19962859

7 

BA Myers SM Pueschel Psychiatric disorders in persons with Down syndromeJ Nerv Ment Dis199117960913

8 

IC Verma NK Anand M Kabra PSN Menon N Sharma Study of malformation and Down syndrome in India (SOMDI):Delhi regionIndian J Hum Genet19984847

9 

G Jaikrishan KR Sudheer VJ Andrews PK Koya M Madhusoodhanan CK Jagadeesan Study of stillbirth and major congenital anomaly among newborns in the high-level natural radiation areas of Kerala, IndiaJ Community Genet201342131

10 

SR Phadke DP Ratna P Ranganath Prenatal screening for genetic disorders: Suggested guidelines for the Indian ScenarioIndian J Med Res2017146668999

11 

K Biancok AB Caughey BL Shaffer R Davfis ME Norton History of miscarriage and increased incidence of fetal aneuploidy in subsequent pregnancyObstet Gynecol200610751098102

12 

SS Malini NB Ramachandra Possible risk factors for Down syndrome and sex chromosomal aneuploidy in Mysore, South IndiaIndian J Hum Genet20071331028

13 

SR Phadke A Pandey RD Puri SJ Patil Genetic counseling: the impact in Indian milieuIndian J Pediatr20047112107982

14 

SS Malini NB Ramachandra Influence of advanced age of maternal grandmothers on Down syndromeBMC Med Genet200674

15 

GS Isaac PS Krishnamurty YR Reddy YR Ahuja Down’s syndrome in Hyderabad, IndiaActa Anthropogenet19859425660

16 

UJ Modi U Nayak S Aiyer SA Bharani DC Master T Shah Study of malformation and Down syndrome in India (SOMDI): Baroda regionIndian J Hum Genet199841938

17 

R Lakhan MT Kishore Down Syndrome in tribal population in India: A field observationJ Neurosci Rural Pract2016717403

18 

I Panigrahi Y Bhatt S Malik P Kaur A Kaur Clinical profile of Indian Children with Down SyndromeJ Pediatr Genet2023121537

19 

F Sheth S Rao M Desai J Vin J Sheth Cytogenetic Analysis of Down Syndrome in GujaratIndian Pediatr200744107747



jats-html.xsl


This is an Open Access (OA) journal, and articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as appropriate credit is given and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms.

Article type

Original Article


Article page

540-547


Authors Details

Manisha B Sinha*, Phalguni Padhi, Sarita Agrawal, Neha Sahu


Article History

Received : 16-05-2024

Accepted : 02-09-2024


Article Metrics


View Article As

 


Downlaod Files